1. Outline:

1. Greeting: 1:1
2. Rejoicing Under Pressure: 1:2-4
3. Wisdom For Trials: 1:5
4. Confidence In Prayer: 1:6-8
5. Poverty And Wealth In Perspective: 1:9-11
6. The Root Of Temptation: 1:12-15
7. What God Does Send: 1:16-18
8. Anger And Humility: 1:19-21
9. Doers Of The Word: 1:22-25
10. Pure Religion: 1:26-27

1. Introductory Comments:

'Because the Christian faith is not just an organization to join or a few abstract doctrines to hold, a letter like James's is immediately relevant to every Christian….The Christian faith requires each believer to bring every thought and action into conformity to the Word of God. It proclaims a Christian philosophy of life in stark contrast to the self-seeking, unfocused, and often tumultuous existence that frequently characterizes those outside the faith….A matter worth pondering is the fact that the very first topic James discussed involved the difficulties encountered in the Christian life. Totally foreign to him was the curious modern notion that becoming a Christian will make life easier, that all problems will disappear…' (Kent p. 33)

1. Commentary:

1:1 'James, a bondservant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad, greetings.'

'James, a bond-servant of God'-Some have contended that if the brother of Jesus had written this letter, then it is strange that James didn't mention that relationship. But Roberts notes, 'Notice that there is a complete lack of claim to special prestige or attention as a brother of Jesus. Some have thought this unnatural, but it is a mark of modesty.' (p. 36) The name James in the Greek is pronounced ee-ack'o-bos and is the equivalent of the Old Testament name Jacob, it was a common name among the Jewish people.

Points To Note:

1. Notice the humility of James, even though being a brother of Jesus in the flesh, he simply calls himself a bond-servant. In the end, physical ties with Jesus meant nothing. 2. One writer notes, 'It must have been a hard pill to swallow to see his brother grow up to be the Messiah.' It must have been quite a shock for James and the other brothers to realize that their older brother was God! Think of the ramifications that went through their minds (like what they had said to Jesus while growing up with Him!) Concerning the word "bond-servant", Barclay notes, 'It implies absolute obedience. The slave knows no law but his master's word….The slave is the absolute possession of his master, and is bound to give his master an absolute and unquestioning obedience. It implies absolute humility. It is the word of a man who thinks not of his privileges but of his duties; not of his rights but of his obligations. It is the word of the man who has lost his self in the service of God. It implies absolute loyalty. It is the word of the man who has no interests of his own, because he is utterly pledged to God. What he does, he does for God. His own profit and his own preference do not enter into his calculations. His loyalty is to God.' The prophets in the Old Testament were called 'servants' (1 Kings 8:53; Daniel 9:11; Malachi 4:4; Joshua 2:8). 'By taking the title "doulos' James sets himself in the great succession of those who found their freedom and their peace and their glory in perfect submission to the will of God.' (Barclay p. 42)

Unfortunately, it seems that some Christians have lost sight of what it means to be a servant of God. And the freedom that is found in completely giving ourselves to God (Galatians 2:20; 2 Corinthians 5:14-16).

'of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ'-This clearly points out that there are at least two beings Who have the qualities of Deity. Be impressed that James describes himself as a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. Not only does James give absolute obedience to God, but also to Jesus. 'By designating himself as a bondservant of "God and the Lord Jesus Christ", James has put Jesus and God the Father on the same plane, surely a remarkable statement for a half-brother to make.' (Kent pp. 34-35)

'to the twelve tribes'-as noted in the introduction on James, it is obvious that James isn't addressing this letter to unbelieving Jews. Concerning the next statement the only remaining question would be, is James writing to an audience of predominately Jewish Christians in Palestine or does the expression, 'to the twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad', refer to Christians everywhere?

Points To Note:

1. Christians constitute spiritual Israel (Galatians 6:16; 3:28). 2. The statement "twelve tribes" indicates that the Church constitutes the entire people of God! Under the new covenant, God doesn't have a spiritual Israel and a physical Israel which are both in His favor. 3. The statement "twelve tribes" is used to describe the people of God in the new covenant (Revelation 7:4-8).

'who are dispersed abroad'-Initially the "Diaspora" referred to the Jews who lived outside of Palestine. In New Testament times it is estimated that three to five million Jews lived in other parts of the Roman Empire. The "Diaspora" contained about four groups: 1. Those who lived in Babylonian and were the descendants of those removed from Palestine by the Assyrians and Chaldeans in 722 and 586 B.C. 2. Those who lived in Syria, dating from the Greek conquests. 3. Those who lived in Egypt, especially in Alexandria, established by Alexander the Great and Ptolemy I. 4. The Jews who lived in Rome, dating from around 63 B.C. The great importance of the literal "Diaspora", is that they converted many people to Judaism, produced a Greek translation of the Old Testament, which was the Old Testament used by the early church. In addition, the presence of Jewish synagogues in almost every major city outside of Palestine, made it easier for Christian preachers to spread the gospel (Acts 17:1-2). 'This Dispersion is witnessed in the book of Acts as the reader sees Paul visiting the synagogues for his first contacts with the community. Along with these, there were large numbers of devout Greeks…who were already attracted to the religion of the Old Testament by the teaching and lives of their Jewish neighbors.' (Roberts pp. 38-39)

While some writers believe that James wrote primarily to Jewish Christians scattered throughout the Roman Empire, I am more inclined to believe that the statement, 'to the twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad', refers to all Christians who are scattered throughout the Empire. 1. The expression 'twelve tribes' was used to refer to the totality of the people of God. In a literal sense, it meant the same thing as the entire nation of Israel. Christians of a Jewish background do not make up the entire Church. 2. The letter doesn't deal with strictly Jewish issues, in fact many Jewish hot-topics are never mentioned, i.e. circumcision and the relation of the Law of Moses to the New Covenant. 3. The letter does mentioned a few Old Testament quotations and examples (2:8,10-11; 21-26; 5:11-17), but these examples are relevant for all Christians.

James 1:2 'Consider it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials,'

'Consider it'-to consider, deem, account, think (Thayer p. 276); 'regard, "deem it pure joy, when" (Arndt p. 343); 'first aorist middle imperative, "Do it now and once for all" (Robertson p. 11). 'James wasted no time in coming to an unpleasant subject and ordering a most difficult response….To "consider it all joy" means to respond with a deliberate intelligent appraisal, not an emotional reaction.' (Kent p. 36) Notice the choice and freewill in this verse. A simple change of attitude or perspective on our part can make all the difference in the world. Attitude isn't something that is inherently fixed from birth and God isn't going to come along and miraculously change our attitude.

'all joy'-And not merely "some" joy. 'unmixed joy, not just some joy along with much grief' (Robertson p. 11). 'The sufferer is to be glad that he can suffer. He is not to dwell on the unpleasantness of the experience. There should be no such thing as a complaining, grumbling disciple of Jesus (Hebrews 12:2).' (Roberts p. 40)

Points To Note:

1. The joy in this passage is an intelligent joy. This isn't a mindless and superficial kind of joy. Rather, it is born in the realization that such trials will only result in much good for my spiritual life and the lives of others (Romans 5:3-4). 2. It is the joy that one is experiencing a time of tremendous personal growth and maturity. Joy that one is being allowed to do something for God, to suffered for His cause (Philippians 1:29). 3. The joy that one is making an impact upon the world, that the world is feeling the sting of some godly salt (Matthew 5:10-12). 'A Christian is to look at the experience from God's perspective and recognize the trial not as a happy experience in itself but as the means of producing something most valuable (Psalm 119:71; 1 Peter 1:6-8…The trial itself is not called a joy, but the encounter is.' (Kent p. 36) 4. And we have the choice! We can either profit from trials or be destroyed by them, we can allow them to improve our spiritual lives, line up our priorities, bring about greater virtues, or we can allow such trials to make us bitter, resentful and angry. Paul realized that trials constitute a path to true happiness (Philippians 4:11). In other words, true happiness, true joy cannot be realized without personal growth, maturity and experience in handling hardships and difficult situations.

'when'-'whenever, it implies that temptation may be expected all along the Christian course.' (Vincent p. 724) (Acts 14:22; 2 Timothy 3:12)

'you encounter'-the word "encounter", is the same word as used in the parable of the Good Samaritan, when the man "fell among the robbers" (Luke 10:30). It means, "to fall into as to be encompassed by" (Thayer p. 504). It is the picture of being surrounded by trials. ' Notice that James says "when" and not "if". 'We cannot choose whether or not we will fall into testing. We will be tested…..If we think for a minute that when we get "spiritual", we will stop being tested, we are mistaken.' (Draper p. 14) We cannot anticipate and avoid every possible trial in life. For many trials, all we can do is prepare.

'various trials'-1. The word "various" suggests that trials come in many forms, and we will face of variety of hardships (1 Corinthians 10:13; Hebrews 10:32ff). Various trials are mentioned in this letter (2:6-7; 5:1,6,13). 2. "trials"-'adversity, affliction, trouble' (Thayer p. 498).

Point To Note:

James makes it clear that God doesn't seduce anyone to sin (1:13), and yet God allows His people to undergo hardships and periods of testing. The word here 'trial' is usually understood to be a testing from without, such as some sort of hardship or persecution. And yet I believe most of us realize that a trial can very quickly become an excuse to sin, if our attitude isn't right. An outward trial can quickly shift to an inward temptation. For example, many people handle stress by drinking, yielding to selfish anger and engaging in immorality.

1:3 'knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance.'

'knowing that'-'recognize that, accept the fact that' (Roberts p. 42) The above "joy" is based on knowledge of certain truths. During trials, the Christian needs to remain calm and have their mind focused on the promises of God. The Christian needs to remember that when they encounter a trial, they immediately know what the end result will be if they remain faithful to God! If our attitude is right, we can't lose (5:11).

'the testing'-'James was making the point that the presence of trials in the lives of believers refines their faith so that what is false can be stripped away and the genuine part that continues to trust God will develop victorious positive endurance.' (Kent p. 37) Barclay notes, 'This is an interesting word ("testing"). It is the word for sterling coinage, for money which is genuine and unalloyed. The aim of testing is to purge us of all impurity….to leave us cleansed and purified.' (pp. 50-51) The same idea is found in 1 Peter 1:6-7; Job 23:10 'When He hath tried me, I shall come forth as gold'; Psalm 66:10. Be impressed that the Holy Spirit doesn't miraculously remove evil desires and bad habits, for if He did, then trials would serve no useful purpose.

'of your faith'-Trials test your faith and they also determine whether your faith is genuine or not. The result is either that you gain a stronger faith, a greater conviction in God or such faith is destroyed or seriously weakened to where you become ineffective. Our faith needs to be tested and analyzed because hype and arrogance can often pass for faith.

'produces endurance'-brings about or results in, Romans 5:3 "knowing that tribulation worketh steadfastness". The word "endurance" means steadfastness, perseverance, fortitude.

Points To Note:

1. Patience isn't a mere passive virtue, rather 'It describes the person who bravely remains upright and firm under adverse circumstances, without collapse or cowardice.' (Kent p. 37) 2. 'it is not simply the ability to bear things; it is the ability to turn them to greatness and glory…the quality which makes a man able, not simply to suffer things, but to welcome them and to vanquish them.' (Barclay p. 51) 3. 'It denotes the ability to exhibit steadfastness and constancy in the face of the most formidable difficulty.' (Woods p. 37) See Romans 2:7; 2 Corinthians 6:4; Hebrews 10:36; 12:1; Luke 21:19. 4. Which means that trials don't have to put the Christian out of commission, and neither does hardship mean that we must slack off. Which means that I can keep on teaching people, keep on encouraging others, keep on encouraging my family, keep on reaching out of non-Christians, even though I am going through tremendous hardships.

1:4 'And let endurance have its perfect result, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing.'

'let endurance'-The language of choice, 'present active imperative, let it keep on having' (Robertson p. 12). 'But wait a moment----we have all known people who have grown impatient under testing. Is James saying that testing always works patience? Yes…Patience is always the result when our faith is tested if we let the test run its course.' (Draper p. 16) The word "let" reminds us that we have the choice whether testing brings about improvement or disaster in our lives. Trials do not inherently bring improvement, they only bring improvement when we allow growth to happen.

'Never accuse God of not knowing what it happening. Nothing comes to us that does not come by his permissive will. He knows every disappointment, every point of pressure. James is saying, "I know what it is like to have heartaches, to face pressure….let God have his way with you. When the testing is finished, it will have produced in you a pure faith that is strong and sturdy…Testing, trials, troubles are God's pruning shears, his purging fire, his carpenter's bench in order to make us what we need to be.' (Draper p. 16) (See John 15:2 and Hebrews 12:9-11, 5-6).

'have its perfect result'-'present active imperative, let it keep on having' (Robertson p. 12). The word "perfect" means: 'brought to its end, finished, wanting nothing necessary to completeness' (Thayer p. 618); 'having attained the end or purpose, complete' (Arndt p. 809). Concerning the phrase "perfect result", Arndt says, 'let endurance show itself perfectly in practice' (p. 308). "Result" means practical result, thus patience during trials must be put to actual work; it must be allowed to work in our lives during trials.

'that you may be perfect complete, lacking in nothing'-The word "perfect" here means: 'fully developed in a moral sense' (Arndt p. 809) (Col. 1:28; Hebrews 5:14; 1 Cor. 14:20). A mature, tried and proven character is in view (Romans 5:3-4). The words do not mean sinless perfection. Therefore, the Christian who starts to doubt or complain in the midst of trials is lacking in such spiritual maturity. A great test of spirituality is how we react during trials. As long as we lack patience, as long as we have a short level of endurance, we are spiritually immature (Hebrews 6:11-12; 10:35-36). Barclay notes, 'Bit by bit this unswerving constancy removes the weaknesses and the imperfections from a man's character. Daily it enables him to conquer old sins, to shed old blemishes and to gain new virtues.' (p. 52)

Other Scriptures on suffering (Psalm 94:12; 119:67-71; Proverbs 3:11-12; Hebrews 12:5; Eccl. 7:2-3,14; Matthew 5:11-12; Luke 6:23; Romans 5:3; 1 Peter 1:6).

The connection between the following verses 1:5-8 and the previous verses appears to be: 'James has just told his readers that, if they use all the testing experiences of life in the right way, they will emerge from them with that unswerving constancy which is the basis of all the virtues. But immediately the question arises, "How can I so use these testing experiences to use them in the right way?" James answer is, "If any man feels that he has not the wisdom to use aright the experiences of this life---and no man in himself possesses that wisdom-let him ask if from God.' (Barclay p. 52)

1:5 'But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all men generously and without reproach, and it will be given to him.'

'lacks wisdom'-'wisdom is a practical thing. Wisdom is not philosophic speculation…Wisdom is wisdom for life.' (Barclay p. 53) In addition, "wisdom" is inherently connected with a right attitude towards God and His word (Proverbs 1:7; 9:10; 15:33). 'The wisdom he speaks of here is not merely information, or simply education…The wisdom spoken of here is the ability to judge and evaluate sorrow and joy from God's standpoint, to view from God's perspective what comfort and pain mean, understanding wealth and poverty on a divine level.' (Draper p. 17) Wisdom is the ability to put into practice the principles and instructions given us in the revelation of God's word.' (Roberts p. 46) (Colossians 4:5)

'let him ask of God'-And yet many people, even some Christians insist on believing that there is a better "wisdom" outside of the will of God. But such is not the case, a higher wisdom than that which is found in the Bible does not exist (1 Corinthians 2:9). 'It is quite significant that James did not say, "But if any of you lacketh wisdom, let him study philosophy, or, let him meditate, or, let him consult the wise."' (Woods p. 40) "Let him ask"-"present active imperative, 'let him keep on asking' (Robertson p. 13)

'who gives to all men generously'-"Generously"-'openly, frankly, sincerely' (Thayer p. 57); 'Simply giving, and adding nothing afterwards which may take off from the graciousness of the gift.' (Alford p. 1592)

'without reproach'-'to heap insults upon…a special kind of reproach is the manifestation of displeasure or regret which too often accompanies the giving of a gift' (Arndt p. 570) (Matthew 7:7-11)

Points To Note:

1. 'There is a kind of giver who gives only with a view to getting more than he has given; who gives only to gratify his vanity and his sense of power by putting the recipient under an obligation which he will never be allowed to forget; who gives and who then continuously casts up the gift that he has given.' (Barclay p. 54) God gives generously and God gives without parading His liberality.

1. Draper notes, 'If we view the success of our families or friendships simply by whether or not everyone is content and cooperative, then the moment one person steps out of line or one misunderstanding arises, it destroys the whole relationship. We will find our lives fenced in, with every little circumstance transforming what could be a happy life into absolute misery. But if we have the wisdom James is talking about…..Every pressure becomes an opportunity….We need God's wisdom. An exasperated man will do unwise things. A person who is distraught will not make good choices. A man who is upset will make foolish decisions.' (p. 19) (1 Samuel 18:14,15)

'and it will be given to him.'-Wisdom will be given him or her, but the following verses let the reader know that this wisdom isn't given unconditionally. And such wisdom is not available for the person who is outside of Jesus Christ, not to mention the Christian who can't trust God or who always seems to find an excuse for why they aren't growing spiritually.

1:6 'But let him ask in faith without any doubting, for the one who doubts is like the surf of the sea driven and tossed by the wind.'

'But let him ask in faith'-(Matthew 21:21; James 5:15). God has a ready answer for the Christian who complains that God hasn't answered their prayer, or that they have been trying to live the Christian life and yet they are still confused. Faith, trust, confidence in God is essential (Hebrews 11:6).

'without any doubting'-Notice the word "any". How many us think we are pleasing to God as long as we don't voice our complaints? 'Arguing with God, complaining about circumstances, or hesitancy to be open to His answer are human attitudes that will prevent God from responding.' (Kent p. 39) Vine says concerning the word "doubting", 'the verb suggests, not so much weakness of faith, as lack of it' (Vine p. 335)

Point To Note:

We should note that "doubting" includes any manifestation of unbelief. Complaining about our circumstances, questioning God, blaming others, trying to punish God (because He didn't respond in the way we had requested) by withholding our contribution, or prayers, are all forms of unbelief. (Romans 4:20-21 'yet, with respect to the promise of God, he did not waver in unbelief, but grew strong in faith, giving glory to God, and being fully assured that what He had promised, He was able also to perform.' ) (See 1 Corinthians 10:1-13).

'for the one who doubts is like'-This is God's view of the person who can't trust Him. And the reader should note that this doubter is a professed Christian.

'the surf of the sea driven and tossed by the wind'-Like Jesus, James had grown up in Galilee. Violent storms would hit the sea of Galilee. 'the constant churning of the water suggested the agitation in a doubter's heart. Such persons are encouraged one moment, discouraged the next.' (Kent p. 40) Paul spoke of people who were carried about by every wind of doctrine (Ephesians 4:14). Often we see professed Christians who are hot and then cold, high and then low. 'Every pressure that is brought to bear upon his life will bear fruits of confusion and despair.' (Draper p. 23) This is the type of person who has just enough religion to make them miserable. Such a person is often rash in their decisions, impatient, can't wait for God to act, and subject to extreme mood swings. Like waves blown by the wind, the mood and spirit of this individual is determined by the external happenings in life.

1:7 'For let not that man expect that he will receive anything from the Lord',

'let not that man expect'-Don't even entertain the thought that God will answer any of your prayers if this is your spiritual condition. The only encouragement that should be given to such an individual is to change their ways, to be no longer faithless, but believing! (John 20:27) Unfortunately, sometimes we tend to pamper this sort of individual. Often such a person looks for sympathy, wants others to hear their complaints. This man doesn't need sympathy, he needs faith!

1:8 'being a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways'

'double-minded'-lit., having two souls. 'double-headed people who stagger helplessly here and there in their thinking, doubting, hesitating.' (Arndt p. 201) We often talk about the person who has one foot in the world and one foot in the Church. Those who are trying to please God and at the same time be a friend of the world (James 4:8). People who act as if they have two minds, directing them in contradictory directions, so that they make no lasting stand for anything.

'unstable in all his ways'-"Unstable"-'restless' (Thayer p. 22); 'unsettled, fickle, and hence unreliable. The man who cannot trust God cannot be trusted by others.' (Roberts p. 50); 'uncertain about everything he does' (Gspd)

Points To Note:

1. The doubter is the person who is trying to serve two masters (Matthew 6:24). 2. Notice the statement, "in all his ways", unbelief will affect every area of your life! One cannot limit unbelief to merely one area of our relationship with God. 3. 'Doubt to him was no evidence of superior learning or unusual intellectual attainment; it was, instead, a mark of mental instability, evidence of confused intellectual processes.' (Woods p. 45) 4. Sadly, such a doubter often argues that he or she has been the victim of circumstances.